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  • Others
30 October 2019

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  • Singapore

SINGAPORE: At first glance, this three-storey structure looks no different from your average building.

On the ground floor, its lights shine, its fans whir, its air-conditioning units hum and employees go about their day-to-day work.

But the building, located at SP’s training centre at Woodleigh Park, is in fact disconnected from the national electricity grid.

Fully powered by renewable energy, it is the first zero-emission building in Southeast Asia powered by green hydrogen, SP Group announced on Wednesday (Oct 30).

READ: Singapore sets solar energy target for 2030 that would provide enough power for 350,000 homes

The Hydrogen Energy System used to power the three-storey building makes use of solar energy captured by solar panels on the grounds of the training centre.

This solar energy is used to conduct electrolysis – where water is broken down into hydrogen and oxygen. The hydrogen generated from this process is then channelled to tanks where it bonds with special metal alloy powders to form metal hydride.

When electricity is required, the stored hydrogen from the metal hydride tanks is then slowly released and passed through fuel cells to generate electricity.

The process is 100 per cent green, said SP in a press release, with zero carbon emissions.

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Mr Brandon Chia, head of SP Group’s Centre of Excellence
Mr Brandon Chia, head of SP Group’s Centre of Excellence, in front of the Hydrogen Energy System. (Photo: Matthew Mohan)

READ: PUB to deploy Singapore’s first large-scale floating solar panel system by 2021

“Buildings contribute 40 per cent of energy-related carbon emissions worldwide,” said Mr Brandon Chia, head of SP Group’s Centre of Excellence. “The Hydrogen Energy System provides a safe and compact way of storing green hydrogen which powers the region’s first zero-emission building.

“We believe this can be a significant contributor towards Singapore’s climate change pledge to cut national emissions intensity by 36 per cent below 2005 levels by 2030.”

The Hydrogen Energy System, which is housed within a container outside the building and is fully automated, also tackles supply fluctuations and intermittency issues – common shortcomings of renewable energy, said SP.

When there is surplus renewable energy, this energy can be stored in the form of hydrogen in the metal hydride tanks. It can later be converted back to electricity when there is a deficit of renewable energy.

The use of the metal hydride tanks ensures that a large volume of hydrogen can be stored at a lower pressure, addressing the challenge of having a storage system which is safe for deployment in a highly urbanised area like Singapore, added SP.

READ: Greater participation in green workshops, amid calls for more climate change education in schools

Commentary: Climate action is our generation’s 1965

The system was developed in conjunction with Marubeni Corp and Tohuku University in Japan and was commissioned at the end of September. The building was taken off the main electricity grid and connected to the system from mid-October.

“The Group is always looking for new innovations that will be able to bring about, for our customers and for Singapore as a country, a more sustainable lifestyle,” Mr Chia told CNA during a visit to the building.

“We do this first to start building the capability. At this point in time the technology is new so it is comparatively more expensive … Where it becomes viable, we will be there with the capability to enable the deployment in Singapore.”

Read more at https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/sp-group-first-zero-emission-building-green-hydrogen-12046124

  • Eco Friendly Vehicle
30 October 2019

 – 

  • Singapore

SINGAPORE: Though appliance maker Dyson may have scuttled its plans for an electric car plant in Singapore, the electric vehicle (EV) population here continues to slowly but surely charge ahead.

Figures from the Land Transport Authority (LTA) show there were 1,036 fully electric cars on the road as of September this year. This is up from just 12 three years ago.

Plug-in hybrids – which differ from conventional hybrid vehicles in that they have larger batteries which can be charged, allowing many models to run purely on electricity for as far as 30km – number 447, up from 125 in 2016.

Yet despite this jump, electric cars make up a small proportion – just 0.16 per cent – of the 628,816 cars on the road.

Even if their numbers were combined with those of plug-in hybrids, which number 447, it would still only make up about 0.2 per cent of the total car population.

EVs make up about 2 per cent of the total car population worldwide, though this number is increasing.

READ: Dyson to scrap car project, about 20 jobs in Singapore ‘affected’

A study by Bloomberg New Energy Finance earlier this year suggests that as many as 57 per cent of all vehicles sold worldwide will be electric by 2040, driven by declining battery prices.

Leading the charge at the moment is Norway, where around 10 per cent of the vehicle population is electric. In China, 1.2 million electric vehicles were sold last year – half of all the EVs sold.

In both countries the growth was spurred by significant financial incentives from the authorities.

Meanwhile in Singapore, petrol-driven cars still make up the majority of cars on the road, numbering 575,493.

There is no mystery about the lack of popularity of electric vehicles here, said Associate Professor Walter Theseira, who heads the master of urban transport management programme at the Singapore University of Social Sciences.

“It’s the absolute unavailability of home charging for anyone except landed property residents with their own car park space.”

The increase in the number of electric cars has largely been driven by fleets, rather than individual owners. More than half of the local electric car population belongs to car-sharing firm BlueSG, which has about 530 electric vehicles in its fleet.

Ride-hailing giant Grab says it has rolled out about 90 per cent – around 180 cars – of its total fleet of 200 fully electric Hyundai Konas.

Other companies such as HDT – which also operates Singapore’s only all-electric taxi fleet, with 129 vehicles – also rent out their electric cars for use by private-hire car services.

READ: Dyson hits the brakes on electric car project: What the shift in gears means for Singapore

A switch to EVs could help Singapore significantly cut its level of emissions, as private cars make up more than a third of emissions by the transport sector, according to the National Climate Change Secretariat.

In 2016, the electro-mobility roadmap developed by the Nanyang Technological University’s Energy Research Institute @ NTU (ERIAN) suggested that EVs could cut Singapore’s emissions by as much as 30 per cent.

This could go up to as high as a 64 per cent cut in emissions if the electricity were to come from clean sources such as solar.

ELECTRIC VEHICLES TOO EXPENSIVE?

One reason for the slow take-up could be cost.

Car dealer Hong Seh Motors currently carries three models of Tesla cars, probably the best-known electric vehicles on the market.

All cost upwards of S$400,000 – more than four times the price of a popular model like the Volkswagen Golf.

Even cheaper models like the Hyundai Ioniq or the Nissan Leaf cost about S$140,000 – more than 30 per cent costlier than a petrol equivalent.

“What customers do not see is that the total cost of ownership is lower,” said ERIAN executive director Subodh Mhaisalkar.

This is because the cost of electricity per kilometre is much cheaper than that of petrol, he noted.  Greater rebates for electric cars could help boost their popularity here, he said.

Commentary: Where are all the electric vehicle charging points?

MORE CHARGING STATIONS NEEDED

The number of charging points in Singapore is slowly increasing.

Utilities provider SP Group has 200 charging points islandwide. By the end of next year, it will have 1,000 such points, 250 of which will be direct current fast-chargers which can bring a car to full-charge in half an hour.

BlueSG has more than 1,000 charging points islandwide, of which about 100 are available for electric vehicles other than its own.

The firm, a subsidiary of the French-based Bollore Group, had previously announced that 20 per cent of the 2,000 charging points it will have by next year will be available to other electric vehicles.

Fossil fuel companies are also moving into the market.

Dutch firm Shell will have electric vehicle charging points at 10 of its petrol stations here.

Its subsidiary Greenlots – acquired by Shell in January – has more than 100 charging stations islandwide.

Yet this is still not enough to see adoption of EVs here on a larger scale, say experts.

“The biggest barrier is anyone who doesn’t live in a landed property cannot think about buying an EV,” said Professor Subodh, noting condominiums are also unlikely to allow for chargers to be installed.

“You won’t buy what would be an expensive road decoration if you can’t guarantee having a charging point,” said Assoc Prof Theseira.

READ: Dyson looking to hire ‘substantially’ more electronic engineers, digital marketers in Singapore

Prof Subodh, who drives a plug-in hybrid, says these vehicles may be able to act as a gateway to EVs, as they can ease the “range anxiety” motorists may face when choosing whether or not to buy electric cars.

“I think electrification is the future of urban mobility,” said Assoc Prof Theseira. “But it may not be the time to push private passenger cars yet. I think we will get larger gains from the public vehicle fleet first.”

He notes that a mass electrification of vehicles may take some time, as the electrical infrastructure may not be able to support large numbers of vehicles all charging at the same time.

“If all cars start charging at Orchard Road, we’ll have a problem,” said Prof Subodh, describing it as a “challenging question”.

  • Energy Economy
30 October 2019

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  • Singapore

SINGAPORE — French energy giant Schneider Electric will invest at least S$16 million over the next four years to develop up to four Singapore-based companies that tackle climate change through technological innovation, it said on Wednesday (Oct 30).

The programme is part of a memorandum of understanding that was signed between Schneider Electric and the Singapore Economic Development Board (EDB), it added.

The firms selected would need to demonstrate strong global potential and the ability to scale and harness technologies such as the Internet of things (IoT), the upcoming ultra-fast 5G network, artificial intelligence (AI) and robotics to build innovative solutions, Schneider Electric said.

With the investment, the French company will also bring its expertise in energy management, industrial automation and digital transformation to help the companies go global.

In its press release on Wednesday, Schneider Electric added that it will provide the firms market access and an understanding of the global supply chain to “take these companies to the next level”.

Through the venture-building programme, Schneider Electric and EDB are seeking to create new business ventures and encourage the use of innovative solutions to tackle some of the world’s biggest problems, such as how to fight climate change and move towards the use of renewable energy, it said.

Read also: The Big Read: Taking the climate fight beyond straws and tote bags — individual actions that matter

“New technology such as IoT, 5G, AI and robotics mean new opportunities to address growing markets such as distributed energy resources, energy as a service, electromobility, energy storage, and efficient heating, ventilation and cooling,” the company said.

“This investment in Singapore is part of Schneider Electric’s global innovation programme which includes incubations, investments and partnerships, and it aligns with the company’s goal to combine external innovation with internal resources and people to rapidly transform how the world uses and generates energy,” it added.

Previously, Schneider Electric partnered EDB under the EDB SkillsFuture Leadership Development Initiative to launch the Energy Generation Programme – X, a management trainee programme for graduates from the Nanyang Technological University and National University of Singapore.

Read also: Green steps that Singapore should take urgently

Mr Emmanuel Lagarrigue, Schneider Electric’s chief innovation officer, said: “We are excited about this partnership to build new companies in Singapore.

“Singapore is a hub for innovation and we look forward to working with talented entrepreneurs to build new technology and business models.”

In response to TODAY’s queries, a spokesperson for Schneider Electric said that it has not determined which local companies to work with and is currently “scouting for great companies and entrepreneurs to incubate”.
Read more at https://www.todayonline.com/singapore/french-energy-giant-invests-s16-million-develop-four-singapore-firms-tackling-climate-change

  • Oil & Gas
30 October 2019

 – 

  • Singapore

Fossil fuels will continue to form a “substantial part” of Singapore’s energy mix for the next 50 years, even as it ramps up deployment of solar power and looks at ways to tap regional power grids.

Today, 95 per cent of Singapore’s electricity is generated from natural gas and its dominance in the energy mix will continue for the next half-century, said the country’s Trade and Industry Minister Chan Chun Sing on Tuesday.

Speaking at the Singapore International Energy Week 2019, Chan did not specify how much Singapore would depend on natural gas—which emits 50 to 60 per cent less carbon-dioxide than coal when burnt—in future. But the fossil fuel will form one of four “switches” supplying Singapore’s energy needs, he said.

The other three “switches” are solar power, regional power grids, and emerging low-carbon solutions such as hydrogen and carbon capture, utilisation and storage.

Solar deployment in Singapore will hit at least 2 gigawatt-peak (GWp) by 2030, up from 0.262GWp in the second quarter of this year. The authorities plan to install more solar panels on rooftops, reservoirs and offshore. The target of 2GWp would make up more than 10 per cent of Singapore’s peak daily electricity demand today.

To support the growth in solar capacity, Singapore will increase its energy storage systems to about 200 megawatts beyond 2025, said Chan. This will address the intermittency of solar and help manage mismatches between electricity supply and demand.

Singapore’s Energy Market Authority said it could tap a regional power grid through bilateral or regional cooperation. Eight cross-border interconnections currently operate in Southeast Asia, most of which trade electricity generated from hydropower. The only multi-lateral grid is one that links Laos, Thailand and Malaysia.

The carbon and energy budget, and role of hydrogen

The energy supply sector is the largest contributor to global greenhouse gas emissions globally, which scientists have said must sharply decline by 2030 for the world to avert the most disastrous effects of climate change.

Singapore aims to have its emissions peak around 2030, but some have called for city-state to adopt more ambitious climate targets and legislate emissions to peak well before 2030, and reach net-zero by 2050. Chan said on Tuesday that Singapore is disadvantaged when it comes to alternative energy. The country will, however, ensure it reduces and manages energy consumption “in order to balance our budget constraints in terms of carbon and energy”.

Chan highlighted the role of urban design in managing energy demand.

Urban planners can help cut the amount of time and energy spent ferrying people and goods around, and this is something to mull over as Singapore redevelops its industrial and housing estates. And while it is relatively easy to construct new buildings that are zero-carbon, challenges and business opportunities lie in converting existing buildings and previously developed sites into energy-efficient precincts, he said.

On Singapore’s “four switches”, Dr Lucy Craig, risk management and quality assurance company DNV GL’s vice-president and director of technology and innovation (energy), said the growth of solar will be very important for Singapore to reduce its dependence on fossil fuels.

“I’d say there’s room for more (solar) deployment,” she told Eco-Business. DNV GL expects solar to supply around 20 per cent of Southeast Asia’s electricity by 2050. While Singapore faces land constraints, solar technology will develop over the next decade to increase the area on buildings and water bodies that can be used for solar power generation, she said.

Many speakers at SIEW 2019 noted the potential of hydrogen as a clean fuel but said it is currently too expensive. In addition, 90 per cent of hydrogen today is produced using fossil fuels, said Francesco La Camera, director-general of the International Renewable Energy Agency.

DNV GL, in its Energy Transition Outlook 2019 report, sees hydrogen forming 2 per cent of the world’s energy mix by 2050.

“Certainly, hydrogen has a key role to play in addressing some issues that arise about long-term (energy) storage, particularly in some areas where there may be seasonal gaps in the production of wind, for example,” said Craig. “Right now, it’s not a cost-effective solution but given the level of interest and number of pilot projects, I expect hydrogen will have an increasing role to play in the coming decades.”

  • Others
30 October 2019

 – 

  • Singapore

SINGAPORE – A global blockchain-based carbon exchange was launched on Wednesday (Oct 30), offering a marketplace for airlines and other corporate buyers to trade securitised carbon emissions.

The new AirCarbon Exchange, by Singapore-based AirCarbon Pte Ltd, will provide a ready supply of credits, also called EEUs (eligible emission units), for those in the transportation industry to acquire carbon dioxide (CO2) offsets for compliance and voluntary purposes when the list of compliant units is approved.

The carbon credits will be securitised into tokens using blockchain technology, making them highly liquid, fungible and tradable, said AirCarbon on Wednesday.

Each tradable token will be backed by one equivalent tonne of carbon credits.

AirCarbon is applying for the recognised market operator (RMO) licence from the Monetary Authority of Singapore, and aims for the exchange to be fully operational in 2020.

The company also has a fund, the AirCarbon Registration Facility, which provides grants to finance the registration, consulting, issuance and audit fees of CO2-mitigating projects. In exchange for receiving these grants, project developers must commit to list and transact their resulting credits on the AirCarbon Exchange.

The new exchange is a collaboration venture with the Sustainable Energy Association of Singapore (Seas), and supported by Enterprise Singapore.

Mr Edwin Khew, Seas chairman as well as AirCarbon’s chairman and co-founder, said: “We aim to make the AirCarbon token the easiest and most streamlined instrument for the trading of EEUs globally.”

This will be the world’s first global blockchain-enabled, multi-stakeholder carbon trading hub, representing carbon trades worth more than US$100 billion (S$136 billion), said Mr Khew.

Senior Minister of State for Trade and Industry Koh Poh Koon on Wednesday minted the new exchange’s first AirCarbon digital token at its launch during the Asia Clean Energy Summit 2019, which is part of the Singapore International Energy Week 2019 held at Marina Bay Sands.

In setting up the exchange, there had been partnerships and discussions with industry stakeholders which include airlines, green project developers, sustainable technology providers, multilateral institutions, impact investors and regulators, Mr Khew added.

Mr Satvinder Singh, assistant chief executive officer of Enterprise Singapore, noted that international regulations and the increased focus on sustainability will lead to greater demand for carbon offsetting activities globally.

“Enterprise Singapore stands ready to support solutions providers like AirCarbon to grow in Singapore and address the needs of corporates to offset their carbon emissions, starting from the aviation industry,” Mr Singh said.

UK-based First Derivatives designed the front-end trading solution to power the exchange.

AirCarbon also operates the AirCarbon Fund, an investment fund which invests in carbon-mitigating projects such as reforestation, methane capture and carbon emissions reduction. Through these projects, the fund also generates Corsia-compliant tradable carbon offsets, which are then listed on the exchange.

Fintech and financial services group RHT Holdings is an investor in AirCarbon, an RHT spokesman told The Business Times. Chief executive of RHT Holdings Jayaprakash Jagateesan is an AirCarbon board director. He wrote earlier this month that Singapore businesses need to get creative in reducing their carbon footprint and helping to mitigate climate change.


Correction note: An earlier version of this article stated that the carbon credits will be approved by the International Civil Aviation Organisation’s (ICAO) carbon offsetting and reduction scheme for international aviation (Corsia). ICAO has clarified that there are no emission units eligible or approved under Corsia yet as the council has not made a decision on the matter.

  • Energy Efficiency
30 October 2019

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  • Singapore

SINGAPORE: Singapore is set to host a new lithium-ion battery recycling facility.

TES, the largest e-waste recycler in the country, will be opening two such facilities with the other being in France, Senior Minister of State for Trade and Industry Koh Poh Koon announced on Wednesday (Oct 30).

Speaking at the Asia Clean Energy Summit held at Marina Bay Sands, Dr Koh said: “This is an exciting development as the use of batteries for grid-related energy storage is projected to grow globally, to manage the increasing adoption of intermittent renewable energy such as solar.”

“These recycling facilities will enable a complete closed-loop cycle for lithium-ion batteries, allowing precious metals to be reused again in the manufacture of new batteries for products such as mobile phones and electric vehicles,” he added.

READ: SP Group launches first zero-emission building in Southeast Asia powered by green hydrogen

READ: Singapore sets solar energy target for 2030 that would provide enough power for 350,000 homes

TES is backed by Navis Capital Partners, a private equity company managing over US$6 billion.

The facility in Singapore, known as TES B, is targeted to open in February 2020, said Mr Wu Ge, general manager of strategic projects at TES-AMM Singapore.

He told CNA that the Singapore and France facilities – costing about S$25 million in total – will serve the Asian and European markets respectively, adding that the two regions produce large quantities of scrapped lithium-ion batteries.

Lithium-ion batteries are commonly used in personal mobility devices (PMDs) such as e-scooters, and electronic devices such as handphones, laptops and power banks.

Based on studies conducted by TES, Singapore households will generate about 1000 tonnes of waste batteries of various types by 2021, including lithium-ion batteries, which account for 500 tonnes or 50 per cent of the total, Mr Wu said.

He added that just an estimated 5 per cent of batteries are collected and recycled properly.

With the recycling facility, all used lithium-ion batteries can be properly recycled, he added. “The challenge is to collect them efficiently.”

“Our facility will use 350 kilowatt peak (kWp) solar photovoltaic panels to produce electricity, that alone will reduce CO2 emission by 300 tonnes a year,” he said.

Mr Wu noted that under the National Environment Agency’s (NEA) new e-waste management plans from 2021, batteries will be collected and recycled with increasing targets, and the facility will provide “necessary capacity” to support the new system.

The facilities will employ an innovative recycling process that utilises “proprietary in-house technology and equipment”, said TES in a separate media release on Wednesday.

According to TES, auto punching machines and shredders break end-of-life batteries down into fine substances, magnetic separators recover the copper and aluminium, and a chemical treatment process is used to recover commodity-grade cobalt and lithium.

This process is “environmentally friendly”, said TES, because it does not release secondary contaminants like heavy metals or volatile organic compounds into the atmosphere. The closed-loop process also means that all recovered materials will ultimately be reused in the forward manufacturing supply chain.

TES also announced that they are working with partners to develop energy storage systems (ESS) that will use retired electric vehicle batteries to store electricity for various commercial and residential energy needs.

“Looking ahead, the battery space is potentially facing raw material commodity shortages stemming from the exponential proliferation of Internet of Things devices, electric vehicles, and mobility devices,” said CEO of TES Gary Steele, adding that TES has worked in close partnership with the Economic Development Board (EDB) and National Environment Agency.

As the first facility in Singapore to recover precious metals from batteries using a new hydrometallurgy process, TES B serves domestic needs and enhances the regional value chain for e-waste management, said Mr Damian Chan, assistant managing director of EDB.

“In addition, as electric vehicle adoption and solar deployment scale up in Singapore, TES B and TES’ efforts in second-life ESS will contribute to our battery recycling and energy management ecosystem,” he added.

Read more at https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/new-environmentally-friendly-lithium-ion-battery-recycling-tes-12046280

  • Others
30 October 2019

 – 

  • Singapore

Even as Singapore moves to green its fuel mix, the country should also see how its energy usage can be managed, said Trade and Industry Minister Chan Chun Sing yesterday.

In charting Singapore’s progress towards a future with a sustainable, reliable and affordable supply of energy, managing energy demand was also important, Mr Chan said.

“I think we need to see how we can save on our usage of energy,” he added. Key to this is design, he noted, citing the unnecessary cooling of an entire hall to keep its occupants comfortable.

Said Mr Chan: “If you look at a typical audience hall, we just need to cool 2m up from the ground level to provide thermal comfort to the audience. Much of the cooling for the rest of the building is probably unnecessary.”

The importance of design also applies to the broader scale, he said, from the design of individual buildings to clusters of buildings, industries, and residential areas.

For example, technology can be harnessed to determine exactly how much cooling is needed.

And in Singapore, the direction a building faces could have significant impact on its occupants’ energy consumption, not just because of where the sun rises and sets, but also depending on where the wind is coming from, said Mr Chan.

“So how we design the precinct to make full use of the natural ventilation to reduce the cooling needs will be both an opportunity and a challenge,” he added.

Singapore also has the opportunity to refresh the entire island’s infrastructure in the next 50 years, he said, unlike other urban cities which grow as an urban sprawl, randomly and organically.

Efficient design could minimise the energy wasted in transporting people and goods across the island, and get rid of the “tidal effects” of traffic patterns, he said.

This essentially refers to the surge of people travelling in one direction to get to work – usually from north to south and east to west in the mornings – and back home in the other.

Said Mr Chan: “But if we can progressively redesign the entire Singapore, we will get rid of this tidal effect, which will lead to a much more efficient use of our transportation system and network, and certainly the amount of energy that we will need for the entire system.”

But even as Singapore continues to explore new technologies, and build new buildings with zero carbon footprints, the challenge would be to find cost-effective ways of retrofitting existing buildings and precincts and make them energy-efficient, he said.

“That is the area where the Energy Market Authority, together with (industrial developer) JTC, are looking at new capabilities to see how we can help existing… sites convert into much more energy-efficient sites.”

  • Energy-Climate & Environment
30 October 2019

 – 

  • Malaysia

EARLIER this month, Energy, Science, Technology, Environment and Climate Change Minister Yeo Bee Yin announced that Malaysia would review its emissions reduction targets at the next United Nations climate change conference in Glasgow next year.

Yeo said Malaysia had achieved a 33 per cent reduction in the greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) intensity of the gross domestic product (GDP), relative to 2005 levels, putting us within reach of our 2015 Paris Agreement target of a 35 per cent reduction.

All our future targets should be completely decoupled from GDP as what matters most are absolute emissions reduction.

The root cause of climate change is the increasing concentration of GHGs in the atmosphere.

These heat-trapping gases are the prime cause of the steady rise in average surface temperatures and rising temperatures are linked to many of the changes in the Earth’s climate that are projected by scientists to cause severe economic damage both today and well into the future.

One of the ways to solve this issue is by removing GHGs from the atmosphere through geo-engineering.

Cutting current and future GHG emissions significantly will avert uncontrollable rises in surface temperatures on Earth, which will bring about further damage on almost unfathomable scales.

There is an important need to focus more on total emissions reductions and not just on reducing the emission intensity of GDP.

As long as economic growth outstrips the growth of emissions, Malaysia will easily hit targets that do not address the increasing concentration of GHGs in the atmosphere.

With this in mind, it is hoped that Yeo will decouple Malaysia’s emissions reduction goals from the GDP when improving on our pledges in Glasgow next year.

Instead, Malaysia should set a total absolute emissions reduction target, as well as set a date for the peaking of total emissions sometime within the next decade.

In order for this to happen, we need to aggressively deploy clean energy technologies across the country in the coming years, and improve our public transport infrastructure.

The ministry must also seriously consider the implementation of a tax on GHG emissions.

This fundamental measure can strengthen the economic cases for low-carbon technologies across every sector it covers.

In doing so, Malaysia would follow the example of more than 70 jurisdictions globally that have either implemented or have imminent plans to implement carbon pricing schemes and have a purely market-based measure assisting in the achievement of emissions reduction goals.

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