Highlights:

• The premiums paid to electric vehicles to perform grid generation services for decreasing variable renewable energy curtailment outperform those paid to reduce the peak load of electricity demand
• Most ASEAN Member States require a premium subsidy to be paid to electric vehicles to make their total cost of ownership lower than internal combustion engine vehicles
• Among the ASEAN Member States, Thailand’s electric vehicle’s total cost of ownership performance shows the most promising prospect for effective implementation of vehicle-to-grid
• Improvements in electric vehicle battery and infrastructure costs could bring down the vehicle-to-grid premiums needed to perform grid generation services feasibly